While such incidents tend to be rare, the possibility of irate responses is something to consider. Paper surveys tend to be costly, even when using a relatively small sample, and the costs of a traditional large-scale survey using mailed questionnaires can be enormous. There is no disadvantage “of academic writing”. The next section surveys current web survey software packages and online survey-related services available to researchers who may be interested in conducting online survey research. When possible, using both online and traditional paper surveys helps to assess whether individuals responding to the online version are responding in systematically different ways from those who completed the paper version. For instance, SurveyMonkey provides authoring tools, server space, and simple automated survey analysis for about $20 a month ($240 per year); however, there are limitations, such as the limitation of 1000 responses per month. Theoretically, this can give researchers a sampling frame. Online survey researchers can also save money by moving to an electronic medium from a paper format (Bachmann & Elfrink, 1996; Couper, 2000; Llieva et al., 2002; Yun & Trumbo, 2000). Yet, because individuals easily can lie about any information they report to community administrators, there is no guarantee of accuracy. Researchers should inquire about these special discounts since they may help to reduce the overall cost of purchasing web survey software or services. The additional benefit is that the study of academic writing is a better foundation for study, than vague forays into researching the stupendous vastnesses of a confused spoken language, colloquialisms, … This, in turn, limits their ability to estimate population parameters, which presents the greatest threat to conducting probability research. Establishing a sampling frame when researching an online community presents a number of challenges. Until recently, creating and conducting an online survey was a time-consuming task requiring familiarity with web authoring programs, HTML code, and scripting programs. Customer support may be available for minor technical problems and customer questions, but customers are generally charged extra for extended consultations and training. Basic survey process features include tracking of survey respondent email, email response notification, real time tracking of item responses, and the ability to export survey responses to statistical software packages such as SAS and SPSS. Researchers had to “cut and paste” responses from the email responses into statistical software programs such as SAS and SPSS. This article examines some advantages and disadvantages of conducting online survey research. An example would be a summary of an article or a report of the results of an experiment. Commercial. Furthermore, “lurkers,” or individuals who read posts but do not send messages, may complete an online survey even though they are not visible to the rest of the community. In addition, some companies, such as Perseus, have the capability to merge computer technology with traditional survey methods. Basic features can be purchased for a relatively small amount of money. This allows researchers to conduct face-to-face interviews with participants while using the wireless device to store and transmit responses to the survey to a database. The best defense against deception that researchers may have is replication. These individuals and groups often can be reached on the Internet in larger numbers than would be possible using face-to-face research methods. Data are sent through wireless technology to a server (similar to other online survey forms) where the information is posted to a database file. Researchers who use nonprobability samples assume that they will not be able to estimate population parameters. Individuals with these conditions and diseases are often difficult to reach because they are stigmatized offline. Other companies charge researchers by the survey. Researchers in a variety of disciplines may find the Internet a fruitful area for conducting survey research. Given rapid advances in software development, this software may be outdated in a relatively short period of time. Other businesses, such as KeySurvey, charge substantially more ($670 per year for a basic subscription) for products and services similar to those offered by SurveyMonkey. For example, participation in online communities may be sporadic depending on the nature of the group and the individuals involved in discussions. Zoomerang offers access to tailored email lists and multisource recruiting for sampling, allowing researchers to target specific demographic groups within a population of interest. Study results should be presented so that audience members can understand them. However, it represents a good cross-section of the types of online survey products and services currently available to researchers. However, including multimedia can increase download times and may be frustrating to participants who must download media players or other types of programs in order to participate in the survey (Andrews et al., 2003). An example of this option is EZ Survey, which allows researchers to run the software on their own computer and a server of their choice. Some products support multiple language versions of an online survey and versions for visually impaired respondents. For example, researchers can find a concentrated number of older individuals who use computers on the Internet-based community SeniorNet (Furlong, 1989; Wright, 2000a, 2000c). It is concluded that online survey researchers should conduct a careful assessment of their research goals, research timeline, and financial situation before choosing a specific product or service. Other business, such as Perseus and SurveyCrafter, advertise educational discounts on a wider variety of services. If a researcher wants to keep a survey on the company's server for an extended period of time (such as more than a year), this costs extra. In short, there is a tendency of some individuals to respond to an invitation to participate in an online survey, while others ignore it, leading to a systematic bias. As with purchasing any product or service, researchers should assess their research needs, budget, and research time frame, and comparison shop when deciding on which business to use. While people certainly discuss such issues among friends, family members, and co-workers, few meet face-to-face in large groups to discuss them. A PhD manuscript does not need to resemble a ‘door stop’. A “form” is an interactive type of web page that allows Internet users to send information across computer networks. Most academic writing is also … More generally, the Internet enables communication among people who may be hesitant to meet face-to-face. Andrews, D., Nonnecke, B., & Preece, J. Some companies, such as InstantSurvey, unsubscribe respondents from an email list after they have completed a survey, which may help to reduce multiple responses from the same participant. Costs for recording equipment, travel, and the telephone can be eliminated. A man once called the author's home phone number repeatedly and left threatening messages on his voice mail after obtaining the number from his department secretary (the department number appeared on the informed consent for the online survey). However, as Andrews et al. Owning the software enables researchers to create multiple online surveys of any length as opposed to being charged per survey, per time period (e.g., by the month), by number of responses, by survey length, or by some combination of these options. As noted above, today's researchers have help with online survey work. Even, as Hinkle suggests in her article Advantages and disadvantages of E-learning, pursuing an online course is an outstanding choice in education, especially when traditional learning situations have many obstacles, such as commuting or distance. –Not having full control over your research: This is another major disadvantage which can prove rather frustrating as well. Participants are required to submit their email address in order to complete the survey. The traditional format — divided into introduction, literature review, methods, results and discussion — is not the only option for presenting your research. this article is about the Advantages or Disadvantages of writing a reflective journal written by Academic Assignments which is an assignment, essay, reflective journal writing service For example, Perseus charges $2000 per day for personalized training, but also offers discounts for group consultation and training. Other companies, such as KeySurvey and SurveySite, provide the ability to conduct online focus groups. A multimedia video or audio clip can be used to jog the memories of respondents or as a reference point for participant responses. This may make it difficult to assess whether the observed differences are due to factors such as participant deception or actual differences due to characteristics associated with computer and non-computer users. Moreover, many of the reviewed business websites offer educational discounts for academics, including discounts on software, as well as consultations and other support services. Table 1 lists 20 of the more prominent packages and services, along with their web addresses. Newer online survey creation software and web survey services costs can vary from very little to thousands of dollars depending upon the types of features and services selected; however, this is relatively inexpensive compared to the cost of traditional paper-and-pencil surveys. Individuals who participate in the survey are given a chance to win a prize or gift certificate, and the winner is selected randomly from the pool of respondents. As we have seen, however, these products and services are not without limitations. Researchers can foster “good will” between themselves and community participants by offering to provide information about the results of their study to the community. As previously stated, while most companies offer free technical support, researchers are generally charged extra for extended training and consultation. Researchers who use a company's email lists to generate a sample are limited by the quality of this type of sampling frame. The Internet allows researchers to include participants from multiple geographic locations in the same focus group. Once an email list is obtained, it is possible to email an online survey invitation and link to every member on the list. The author would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful and insightful suggestions for improving this manuscript. Another example is the case of individuals with diseases or conditions, such as HIV, eating disorders, and physical disabilities. Most online survey companies offer a redirect feature to display a “thank you for participating” web page, or any web page a researcher chooses, after a participant submits the data to the researcher. Textbooks: Advantages and Disadvantages As you visit classrooms, you probably notice that most, if not all, of those classrooms use a standard textbook series. These sampling issues inhibit researchers' ability to make generalizations about study findings. (, Flaherty, L. M., Pearce, K. J., & Rubin, R. R. (, Fox, S., Rainie, L., Larsen, E., Horrigan, J., Lenhart, A., Spooner, T., & Carter, C. (, Garton, L., Haythornthwaite, C., & Wellman, B. Companies that charge less typically do not recruit participants for customers and do not provide consultation throughout all stages of the research process. Communication Findings May be Underestimated: Comparing Effect Sizes with Self-Reported and Logged Smartphone Use Data, Don’t Stress Me Now: Assessing the Regulatory Impact of Face-to-Face and Online Feedback Prosociality on Stress During an Important Life Event, Failure to Launch: Competing Institutional Logics, Intrapreneurship, and the Case of Chatbots, Plural and Porous: Reconceptualizing the Boundaries of Mobile Messaging Group Chats, About Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, About International Communication Association, Disadvantages Associated with Online Survey Research, Current Web Survey Software Packages and Online Survey-Related Services, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00259.x, Fox, Rainie, Larsen, Horrigan, Lenhart, Spooner, & Carter, 2001, Nonnecke, Preece, Andrews, & Voutour, 2004, Konstan, Rosser, Ross, Stanton, & Edwards, 2005, http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue4/ahuja.html, http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Wired_Seniors_Report.pdf, http://www.pewInternet.org/reports/toc.asp?Report=47, http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue2/konstan.html, http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol6/issue1/yun.html, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Unlimited surveys; software automatically generates HTML codes for survey forms, Customer required to purchase software; limited to 9 question formats, Full service web design and hosting available, $1195 up to $5995 depending on number of software users; customer charged for technical support, $99 a month for unlimited surveys and responses; free email support, Survey housed on company server for a set amount of time, Unlimited surveys; mobile survey technology available; educational discount, $399 for basic software; additional software is extra; telephone training is $150 an hour, Weekly survey traffic report; multiple language support, $9.95 up to $99.95 per month depending on desired number of response, Survey housed on company server for only a set amount of time; limited number of response per month. Although many of the problems discussed in this section are also inherent in traditional survey research, some are unique to the computer medium. In addition to being a requirement of most institutional research review boards in universities in the United States, this helps to enhance the credibility of the survey and it can create opportunities for email interaction between the researcher and participants. As the cost of computer hardware and software continues to decrease, and the popularity of the Internet increases, more segments of society are using the Internet for communication and information (Fox et al., 2001; Nie et al., 2002). (2003) point out, providing researcher contact information has its downside. However, problems such as multiple email addresses for the same person, multiple responses from participants, and invalid/inactive email addresses make random sampling online a problematic method in many circumstances (Andrews et al., 2003; Couper, 2000). Customers who have purchased software receive discounted upgrades, however. Another solution that some newer web survey programs offer is response tracking. In short, researchers should view current web survey products and services as another research tool that-like the online survey itself-has its own unique advantages and disadvantages. Non-interactive. However, there are also disadvantages that should be considered by researchers contemplating using online survey methodology. The technology for online survey research is young and evolving. For example, researchers who want to measure participant perceptions of a political candidate's positions on foreign policy could include a video clip from a recent speech. Mobile Internet surveys offer a number of advantages to researchers. These range from basic features to more in-depth involvement by company consultants. While attractive, features of the surveys themselves (such as multimedia) and the services (e.g., using company email lists to generate samples) offered by web survey business can affect the quality of data in a variety of ways. This can desensitize participants to worthwhile survey requests posted on the website. It is important for researchers to include contact information, information about the study, and something about their credentials when creating an invitation to participate in a survey. Some people are “regulars,” who may make daily contributions to discussions, while others only participate intermittently. While no significant differences between the two subsamples were found in this particular study, real differences in responses between Internet users and non-Internet users might exist in other populations. Current web survey products and services have greatly facilitated the process of creating and conducting online surveys. The presence of lurkers in online communities appears to be highly variable (Preece, Nonnecke, & Andrews, 2004). Many of these companies also offer customer support, including help with design, data collection, participant tracking, and data analysis. Straight incentives such as a coupon redeemable for real merchandise, i.e., books, may be more effective and more credible. Health communication researchers have been able to go online to study these populations, including examining how features of the computer medium help people cope with the social stigma of their condition (Braithwaite, Waldron, & Finn, 1999; Wright, 2000b). One option is the online survey software packages, which are computer programs that researchers use to create and conduct online surveys on their own computer and server. Table 2 presents a comparison of features, pricing issues, and limitations of the 20 online product and service companies. Charge is per number of responses; first 250 response are free, then around $20 every 50 responses. Article Editing Services Article Writing Services Journal Article Editing Services Book Editing Services Book writing Services. All of the reviewed companies offering online survey products provide a variety of useful questionnaire options, and a user-friendly process to develop online questionnaires. Search for other works by this author on: Network structure in virtual organizations, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Electronic survey methodology: A case study in reaching hard-to-involve Internet users, International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, Tracking the progress of e-mail versus snail-mail, Communication of social support in computer-mediated groups for people with disabilities, Web-based surveys: A review of issues and approaches, Mail and Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method, Internet and face-to-face communication: Not functional alternatives, Internet use in contemporary media environment, The Pew Internet and American Life Project, An electronic community for older adults: The SeniorNet network, Doing Internet Research: Critical Issues and Methods for Examining the Net, The ethics of conducting social science research on the Internet, The expression of conflict in computer-mediated and face-to-face groups, Group task performance and communication technology: A longitudinal study of computer-mediated versus face-to-face work groups, Online communities: Networks that nurture long-distance relationships and local ties, Days and nights on the Internet: The impact of a diffusing technology, “Go away:”? A second advantage is that Internet-based survey research may save time for researchers. Its purpose is to provide facts or information. Common Gateway Interface (CGI) scripting, a type of computer language that is run on the Web server where an online survey is housed, tells the server how to process information that is submitted. Virtual communities have flourished online, and hundreds of thousands of people regularly participate in discussions about almost every conceivable issue and interest (Horrigan, 2001; Wellman, 1997; Wellman & Haythornthwaite, 2002). An unwanted email advertisement is often considered an invasion of privacy. In some cases, consultation can be expensive. Studies have found that in some online communities lurkers represent a high percentage (between 45% and 99%) of community members, while other studies have found few lurkers (Preece et al., 2004). In addition, the majority of the reviewed products offer randomized answer choices for participants, so as to vary the order of question responses and thus reduce question order bias. The major features and problems with each option are discussed below. Several of the companies offer researchers even more sophisticated options for conducting survey research. (, Witmer, D. F., Colman, R. W., & Katzman, S. L. (, Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Some specific limitations include issues of time, space, and number of responses allowed for a given price. Publishing in journals gives poor possibilities for interaction and comments. The businesses listed in Tables 1 and 2 offer researchers two basic options for creating and conducting online survey research. Advantages include access to individuals in distant locations, the ability to reach difficult to contact participants, and the convenience of having automated data collection, which reduces researcher time and effort. Using a wireless device (as opposed to a laptop computer), researchers can bring a survey to otherwise inaccessible populations in the non-virtual world, such as patients in a busy healthcare setting, individuals in rural settings, or socioeconomic groups that do not have access to computers or the Internet. Although accessing some online communities can be extremely challenging, seeking permission from the community and taking time to explain the purpose of the study might help a researcher to gain access. One solution is for researchers to require participants to contact them to obtain a unique code number (and a place to include this code number on the online questionnaire) prior to completing a survey. Continue Reading. Costs of survey products and their services vary. Other companies will help researchers collect data by advertising the survey on certain websites. As already noted, online surveys allow a researcher to reach thousands of people with common characteristics in a short amount of time, despite possibly being separated by great geographic distances (Bachmann & Elfrink, 1996; Garton et al., 2003; Taylor, 2000; Yun & Trumbo, 2000). Perseus can conduct mobile surveys, using wireless handheld devices like Palm pilots. Some companies offer other types of features to aid with the survey research process. With some diplomatic dialogue initiated by the researcher, it is often possible to work with web community administrators and participants when proposing a study idea (Reid, 1996). IELTS advantages and disadvantages questions normally give you a statement and ask you to comment on the advantages and disadvantages of that statement. This is valuable, especially when participants have questions. Membership is based on common interests, not fees, and little information is required when registering to use these communities, if registration is required at all. This allows researchers to conduct preliminary analyses on collected data while waiting for the desired number of responses to accumulate (Llieva et al., 2002). Survey housed on company server for only a set amount of time, Standard features; Software can be downloaded for free, Information unavailable on website; limited customer support; training available for a fee, Software can be downloaded free, but works best on InfoPoll server; customers appear to be charged for using InfoPoll server, Information unavailable on website; free 30 day trial, Online focus group feature; unlimited surveys, $670 per year for a basic subscription; free 30 day trial, Survey housed on company server for only a set amount of time; limited to 2000 responses, Educational discount; mobile survey technology available, $249 for single user; access to PollPro server is an additional fee, $199 for basic software; access to Quask server for an additional fee, Customer required to purchase software; more advanced features only come with higher priced software, Survey housed on company server for only a set amount of time; limited to 1000 responses for basic package, Standard features; user guidebook for creating questionnaire available, $495 to purchase software; free unlimited telephone support, Survey housed on company server for only a set amount of time; 2000 response per week limit, $495 for basic software package; free and unlimited technical support, $20 a month for a basic subscription; free email support, Survey housed on company server for a set amount of time; limited to 1000 initial responses, Company helps with all aspects of survey design, data collection and analysis; online focus group feature, Company staff rather than customer create and conduct survey, Copyright © 2020 International Communication Association. As internet communities become more stable, some community administrators are beginning to compile statistics on their community's participants. B., McGrath, J. E., & O'Connor, K. M. (, Konstan, J. After completing an online survey, participants click on a “submit” button on the webpage. In addition, some companies often charge more for longer surveys and for a number of respondents exceeding a certain amount (generally over 1000). Writing scripts for processing forms can be done manually, but this type of work can be cumbersome for a busy researcher, especially one who is not technologically proficient. Researchers who are interested in more sophisticated designs such as these would probably benefit from selecting a business that offers a greater degree of consulting and technical support. Comparison of online survey software and services. Online survey questions are the same types as on a traditional paper/pencil questionnaire, only the participants submit the information over the Internet rather than return questionnaires in person or by mail. The purpose of the article is to provide an overview of issues and resources in order to assist researchers in determining if they would benefit from using online surveys, and to guide them in the selection and use of online survey techniques. The cost of these products and services varies depending on the types of features and services a researcher desires. Because lurkers do not make their presence known to the group, this makes it difficult to obtain an accurate sampling frame or an accurate estimate of the population characteristics. “ form ” is an interactive type of sampling frame when researching an online survey research is young and.. These companies also offer customer support may be hesitant to meet face-to-face major features and problems with each are! 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