Due to severe losses, however, the NVA abandoned its plan for a massive ground attack. [88] Westmoreland was so obsessed with the tactical situation that he threatened to resign if his wishes were not obeyed. [151] From 12 June to 6 July 1969, Task Force Guadalcanal comprising 1/9 Marines, 1st Battalion, 5th Infantry Regiment and 2nd and 3rd Battalions, 2nd ARVN Regiment occupied the Khe Sanh area in Operation Utah Mesa. The badly-deteriorated Route 9 ran from the coastal region through the western highlands and crossed the border into Laos.
Battlefield:Vietnam | Timeline - PBS [135] The Marines had constantly argued that technically, Khe Sanh had never been under siege, since it had never truly been isolated from resupply or reinforcement. [80] Westmoreland insisted for several months that the entire Tet Offensive was a diversion, including, famously, attacks on downtown Saigon and obsessively affirming that the true objective of the North Vietnamese was Khe Sanh. The Siege of Khe Sanh. Because of washed-out bridges and heavy enemy activity, however, the only way for Americans to get to Khe Sanh was by helicopter or airplane. Battle of Hamburger Hill The 29 th North Vietnam Army had entrenched themselves on Hamburger Hill in South Vietnam; a joint US-South Vietnamese force was ordered to remove them. Several rounds also landed on Hill 881. Marines stayed in the area, conducting operations to recover the bodies of Marines killed previously. [9], The precise nature of Hanoi's strategic goal at Khe Sanh is regarded as one of the most intriguing unanswered questions of the Vietnam War. [119] By 11:00, the battle was over, Company A had lost 24 dead and 27 wounded, while 150 PAVN bodies were found around the position, which was then abandoned. "[160] That has led other observers to conclude that the siege served a wider PAVN strategy by diverting 30,000 US troops away from the cities that were the main targets of the Tet Offensive. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. The battle of Khe Sanh is one of the most well-known battles of the Vietnam War. [142], Lownds and the 26th Marines departed Khe Sanh, leaving the defense of the base to the 1st Marine Regiment. On June 19, 1968, another operation began at Khe Sanh, Operation Charlie, the final evacuation and destruction of the Khe Sanh Combat Base. Historians have observed that the Battle of Khe Sanh may have distracted American and South Vietnamese attention from the buildup of Viet Cong (VC) forces in the south before the early 1968 Tet Offensive. Throughout the battle, Marine artillerymen fired 158,891 mixed rounds. The monumental Battle of Khe Sanh had begun, but the January 21 starting date is essentially arbitrary in terms of casualty reporting. Five more attacks against their sector were launched during March. The official statistics yield a KIA ratio of between 50:1 and 75:1 of North Vietnamese to U.S. military deaths. On the following night, a massive wave of PAVN/VC attacks swept throughout South Vietnam, everywhere except Khe Sanh. On 19 June 1968, the evacuation and destruction of KSCB began. Operation Pegasus, begun the day after Scotland ended, lasted until April 15. Soon after, another shell hit a cache of tear gas, which saturated the entire area. What is the 25th Infantry known for? [61] To cover a defilade near the Rao Quan River, four companies from 2/26 were immediately sent out to occupy Hill 558, with another manning Hill 861A. Further information on the bombing campaign: Further information on the electronic sensor system: Westmoreland's plan to use nuclear weapons, President Johnson orders that the base be held at all costs, Operation Charlie: evacuation of the base. The plane, piloted by Lt. Col. Frederick J. Hampton, crashed in a huge fireball a few miles east of Khe Sanh, killing all aboard. [128] They also reported 1,436 wounded before mid-March, of which 484 men returned to their units, while 396 were sent up the Ho Chi Minh Trail to hospitals in the north.
Airpower at Khe Sanh | Air & Space Forces Magazine - Air Force Magazine Cushman, the new III MAF commander, supported Westmoreland perhaps because he wanted to mend Army/Marine relations after the departure of Walt. Westmoreland had been forwarding operational plans for an invasion of Laos since 1966. "[106] At the end of January, Tompkins had ordered that no Marine patrols proceed more than 500 meters from the Combat Base. [37] He was vociferously opposed by General Lewis W. Walt, the Marine commander of I Corps, who argued heatedly that the real target of the American effort should be the pacification and protection of the population, not chasing the PAVN/VC in the hinterlands. No logic was apparent to them behind the sustained PAVN/VC offensives other than to inflict casualties on the allied forces. On July 10, Pfc Robert Hernandez of Company A, 1st Battalion, 1st Marines, was manning an M-60 machine gun position when it took a direct hit from NVA mortars. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. "[52], Brigadier General Lowell English (assistant commander 3rd Marine Division) complained that the defense of the isolated outpost was ludicrous: "When you're at Khe Sanh, you're not really anywhere. These forces, including support troops, totaled 20,000 to 30,000. Later, the 1/1 Marines and 3rd ARVN Airborne Task Force (the 3rd, 6th, and 8th Airborne Battalions) would join the operation. Name State Date War Branch; 1: Steven Glenn Abbott . [15], Unknown (1,602 bodies were counted, US official public estimated 10,00015,000 KIA,[19][20] but MACV's secret report estimated 5,550 killed as of 31 March 1968)[1]. At least 852 PAVN soldiers were killed during the action, as opposed to 50 American and South Vietnamese. Westmoreland planned on Khe Sanh being relieved and then used as the jump-off point for a "hot pursuit" of enemy forces into Laos. [41], To prevent PAVN observation of the main base at the airfield and their possible use as firebases, the hills of the surrounding Khe Sanh Valley had to be continuously occupied and defended by separate Marine elements. On 18 January, Westmoreland passed his request for Air Force control up the chain of command to CINCPAC in Honolulu. The fighting was heavy. . 528 of them include images. The base was officially closed on July 5. A platoon from Company D, 1/26 Marines was sent from the base but was withdrawn in the face of the superior PAVN forces. [70] Regardless, the SOG reconnaissance teams kept patrolling, providing the only human intelligence available in the battle area.
5 Major Battles of the Vietnam War | History Hit Since late in 1967, Khe Sanh had depended on airlift for its survival. [44], On 14 August, Colonel David E. Lownds took over as commander of the 26th Marine Regiment. A press release prepared on the following day (but never issued), at the height of Tet, showed that he was not about to be distracted. It was not sufficient to simply be an American military person killed in the fighting there during the winter and spring of 1967-68.
The Battle of Khe Sanh and Its Retellings - The Atlantic [1], The PAVN claim that they began attacking the withdrawing Americans on 26 June 1968 prolonging the withdrawal, killing 1,300 Americans and shooting down 34 aircraft before "liberating" Khe Sanh on 15 July. This article was written by Peter Brush and originally published in the June 2007 issue of Vietnam Magazine. Enemy artillery rounds slammed into the runway. The next operations were named Crockett and Ardmore. Free shipping for many products! The Tet Offensive was about to begin. That did not mean, however, that battle was over. By early January, the defenders could count on fire support from 46 artillery pieces of various calibers, five tanks armed with 90-mm guns, and 92 single or Ontos-mounted 106-mm recoilless rifles. The enemy by my count suffered at least 15,000 dead in the area.. How many American soldiers died in the Battle of Ia Drang? [74], During January, the recently installed electronic sensors of Operation Muscle Shoals (later renamed "Igloo White"), which were undergoing test and evaluation in southeastern Laos, were alerted by a flurry of PAVN activity along the Ho Chi Minh Trail opposite the northwestern corner of South Vietnam. After failing to respond to a challenge, they were fired upon and five were killed outright while the sixth, although wounded, escaped. They fixed the attention of the American command on the border regions, and they drew American and ARVN forces away from the coastal lowlands and cities in preparation for the Tet Offensive. NVA casualties were more than 200. Even so, Westmoreland insisted for it not only to be occupied by the Marines but also for it to be reinforced. [104] Ladd, back on the scene, reported that the Marines stated, "they couldn't trust any gooks in their damn camp. A smaller slice of the action saw Americans on the receiving end, defending some firebase or outpost. [129][130] Nevertheless, according to Tom Johnson, President Johnson was "determined that Khe Sanh [would not] be an 'American Dien Bien Phu'". Sporadic actions were taken in the vicinity during the late summer and early fall, the most serious of which was the ambush of a supply convoy on Route 9. The Marines found a solution to the problem in the "Super Gaggle" concept.
The Hill Fights: The First Battle of Khe Sanh by Murphy, Edward F Battle of Khe Sanh : American Casualties : Showing All Results I suspect he is also trying to draw everyone's attention away from the greatest area of threat, the northern part of I Corps. [134], Westmoreland's planned relief effort infuriated the Marines, who had not wanted to hold Khe Sanh in the first place and who had been roundly criticized for not defending it well. The NVA continued shelling the base, and on July 1 launched a company-sized infantry attack against its perimeter.
The Battle of Khe Sanh, January 21 - April 8, 1968 - The History Reader Reinforcements from the ARVN 256th Regional Force (RF) company were dispatched aboard nine UH-1 helicopters of the 282nd Assault Helicopter Company, but they were landed near the abandoned French fort/former FOB-3 which was occupied by the PAVN who killed many of the RF troops and 4 Americans, including Lieutenant colonel Joseph Seymoe the deputy adviser for Quang Tri Province and forcing the remaining helicopters to abandon the mission. MACV therefore initiated an operation to open Route 9 to vehicle traffic. In the aftermath, the North Vietnamese proclaimed a victory at Khe Sanh, while US forces claimed that they had withdrawn, as the base was no longer required. [110], As more infantry units had been assigned to defend KSCB, artillery reinforcement kept pace. "[24] In November 1964, the Special Forces moved their camp to the Xom Cham Plateau, the future site of Khe Sanh Combat Base. The most comprehensive and authoritative history site on the Internet. Marine Khe Sanh veteran Peter Brush is Vietnam Magazines book review editor. The Battle of Khe Sanh (21 January 9 July 1968) was conducted in the Khe Sanh area of northwestern Qung Tr Province, Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), during the Vietnam War. [150] On 31 December 1968, the 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion was landed west of Khe Sanh to commence Operation Dawson River West, on 2 January 1969 the 9th Marines and 2nd ARVN Regiment were also deployed on the plateau supported by the newly established Fire Support Bases Geiger and Smith; the 3-week operation found no significant PAVN forces or supplies in the Khe Sanh area. On January 14, Marines from Company B, 3rd Recon Battalion, were moving up the north slope of Hill 881 North, a few miles northwest of Khe Sanh Combat Base. They produced a body count ratio in the range between 50:1 and 75:1. On July 11, the Marines finally left Khe Sanh. The Americans had forewarning of PAVN armor in the area from Laotian refugees from camp BV-33. While suffering less significant casualties (around 10,000 dead), ARVN units had only turned back the attacking PAVN forces with massive American air support. [105], Lownds estimated that the logistical requirements of KSCB were 60 tons per day in mid-January and rose to 185 tons per day when all five battalions were in place. The dead men have been described as wearing Marine uniforms; that they were a regimental commander and his staff on a reconnaissance; and that they were all identified, by name, by American intelligence. According to Ray Stubbe, a U.S. Navy chaplain during the siege and since then the most significant Khe Sanh historian, the 205 figure is taken only from the records of the 26th Marine Regiment. When an enemy rocket-propelled grenade killed 2nd Lt. Randall Yeary and Corporal Richard John, although these Marines died before the beginning of the siege, their deaths were included in the official statistics. They attacked 36 of 44 provincial capitals, 64 district capitals, five of the six major cities, and more than two dozen airfields and bases. [70] The Marines and ARVN dug in and hoped that the approaching Tt truce (scheduled for 2931 January) would provide some respite. A secret memorandum reported by US Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, sent to US President Lyndon B. Johnson on 19 February 1968, was declassified in 2005. At dawn on 21 January, it was attacked by a roughly 300-strong PAVN battalion. 1st Marine Aircraft Wing records claim that the unit delivered 4,661 tons of cargo into KSCB. The attack was to have been supported by armor and artillery. During the 66-day siege, U.S. planes, dropping 5,000 bombs daily, exploded the equivalent of five Hiroshima-sized atomic bombs in the area. During this time, KSCB and the hilltop outposts around it were subjected to constant PAVN artillery, mortar, and rocket attacks, and several infantry assaults. Operation Scotland II continued until the end of the year, resulting in the deaths of 72 more Marines. This caused problems for the Marine command, which possessed its own aviation squadrons that operated under their own close air support doctrine. Unlike the Marines killed in the same place in January, since Operation Scotland had ended, the four Lima Company Marines who died in this attack on Hill 881 North were excluded from the official statistics. Thirty-three ARVN troops were also killed and 187 were wounded. Officer casualties of all branches were overwhelmingly white. [39], On 24 April 1967, a patrol from Bravo Company became engaged with a PAVN force of an unknown size north of Hill 861. Of the 500 CIDG troops at Lang Vei, 200 had been killed or were missing and 75 more were wounded. Five Marines were killed on January 19 and 20, while on reconnaissance patrols. The Khe Sanh battlefield was considerably more extensive from the North Vietnamese perspective than from that of the U.S. Marine Corps, both geographically and chronologically. As early as 1962, the U.S. Military CommandVietnam (MACV) established an Army Special Forces camp near the village. One headquarters would allocate and coordinate all air assets, distributing them wherever they were considered most necessary, and then transferring them as the situation required. [58] These tactics were reminiscent of those employed against the French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, particularly in relation to entrenching tactics and artillery placement, and the realization assisted US planners in their targeting decisions. Two days later, the PAVN 273rd Regiment attacked a Special Forces camp near the border town of Loc Ninh, in Bnh Long Province. [12], General Creighton Abrams also suggested that the North Vietnamese may have been planning to emulate Dien Bien Phu. To support the Marine base, a massive aerial bombardment campaign (Operation Niagara) was launched by the USAF. [165], Another interpretation was that the North Vietnamese were planning to work both ends against the middle, a strategy that has come to be known as the Option Play. The Marines claimed 115 PAVN killed, while their own casualties amounted to 10 dead, 100 wounded, and two missing. The Marines suffered 155 killed in action and 425 wounded. On June 28, a Communist spokesman claimed the Americans had been forced to retreat and that Khe Sanh was the gravest tactical and strategic defeat for the U.S. in the war. In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earharts disappearance. Battle of la Drang Valley (26 October - 27 . [10] Once the news of the closure of KSCB was announced, the American media immediately raised questions about the reasoning behind its abandonment. According to the official PAVN history, by December 1967 the North Vietnamese had in place, or within supporting distance: the 304th, 320th, 324th and 325th Infantry Divisions, the independent 270th infantry Regiment; five artillery regiments (the 16th, 45th, 84th, 204th, and 675th); three AAA regiments (the 208th, 214th, and 228th); four tank companies; one engineer regiment plus one independent engineer battalion; one signal battalion; and a number of local force units. Beginning in October 1967, the Communists greatly increased their forces in the Khe Sanh area to total two infantry divisions, two artillery regiments and an armored regiment. The Battle of Khe Sanh began Jan. 21, 1968, with inconclusive ground activity by US and North Vietnamese patrols. [170][140], One argument that was then leveled by Westmoreland and has since often quoted by historians of the battle is that only two Marine regiments were tied down at Khe Sanh, compared with the several PAVN divisions. The September bombardments ranged from 100 to 150 rounds per day, with a maximum on 25 September of 1,190 rounds. Operation Pegasus: ~20,000 (1st Air Cavalry and Marine units), U.S. losses:At Khe Sanh: 274 killed2,541 wounded (not including ARVN Ranger, RF/PF, Forward Operation Base 3 US Army and Royal Laotian Army losses)[15]Operation Scotland I and Operation Pegasus: 730 killed2,642 wounded,7 missing[15]Operation Scotland II (15 April 1968 July 1968):485 killed2,396 wounded[1]USAF:5 ~ 20 killed, wounded unknown[1]Operation Charlie for the final evacuation:At least 11 marines killed, wounded unknown[1] Ten American soldiers were killed; the rest managed to escape down Route 9 to Khe Sanh. The Operation Scotland tactical area of responsibility (TAOR) was limited to the area around Khe Sanh along Route 9 in western Quang Tri province. server.
What did the 25th Infantry do in Vietnam? - 2023 [96], The Marines at Khe Sanh had a plan in place for providing a ground relief force in just such a contingency, but Lownds, fearing a PAVN ambush, refused to implement it. [141] Because of the close proximity of the enemy and their high concentration, the massive B-52 bombings, tactical airstrikes, and vast use of artillery, PAVN casualties were estimated by MACV as being between 10,000 and 15,000 men. Operation Pegasus casualties included 59 U.S. Army and 51 Marine Corps dead. The American military presence at Khe Sanh consisted not only of the Marine Corps Khe Sanh Combat Base, but also Forward Operating Base 3, U.S. Army (FOB-3). [99] The relief effort was not launched until 15:00, and it was successful. U.S. Marines and their allies killed thousands of NVA, but to solve the riddle of Khe Sanh, you have to recount the numbers. The official figure of 205 KIA only represents Marine deaths in the Operation Scotland TAORthat is, Marines killed in proximity to the Khe Sanh Combat Base during the period from November 1, 1967, to March 31, 1968. For most of the battle, low-lying clouds and fog enclosed the area from early morning until around noon, and poor visibility severely hampered aerial resupply. The aircrew then had to contend with antiaircraft fire on the way out. The PAVN 130mm and 152mm artillery pieces, and 122mm rockets, had a longer range than the Marine artillery support which consisted of 105mm and 155mm howitzers. Lownds feared that PAVN infiltrators were mixed up in the crowd of more than 6,000, and lacked sufficient resources to sustain them. [133] The Marines would be accompanied by their 11th Engineer Battalion, which would repair the road as the advance moved forward. The PAVN would try to take Khe Sanh, but if could not, it would occupy the attention of as many American and South Vietnamese forces in I Corps as it could, which would facilitate the Tet Offensive. The site was first established near the village and later moved to the French fort.
The Hill Fights - Wikipedia The Marines were extremely reluctant to relinquish authority over their aircraft to an Air Force general. The Armys 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile), with more than 400 helicopters under its control, conducted airmobile operations deeper into enemy-controlled areas. That proved to be the last overland attempt at resupply for Khe Sanh until the following March. Taking place between March and July 1970, the Battle of Fire. That appraisal was later altered when the PAVN was found to be moving major forces into the area. Marine Corps aviators had flown 7,098 missions and released 17,015tons.
Vietnam War - Tet Offensive & American public reaction [24], The plateau camp was permanently manned by the US Marines in 1967, when they established an outpost next to the airstrip. [125] On the night of 28 February, the combat base unleashed artillery and airstrikes on possible PAVN staging areas and routes of advance. [64], The main base was then subjected to an intense mortar and rocket barrage. Additionally, the logistical effort required to support the base once it was isolated demanded the implementation of other tactical innovations to keep the Marines supplied. 129131. [90], The Tet Offensive was launched prematurely in some areas on 30 January. [31] Mortar rounds, artillery shells, and 122mm rockets fell randomly but incessantly upon the base. [58] The USAF delivered 14,356 tons of supplies to Khe Sanh by air (8,120 tons by paradrop). [42], In the wake of the hill fights, a lull in PAVN activity occurred around Khe Sanh. He made his final appearance in the story of Khe Sanh on 23 May, when his regimental sergeant major and he stood before President Johnson and were presented with a Presidential Unit Citation on behalf of the 26th Marines. A Look at the Damage from the Secret War in Laos, How Operation Homecoming Was Sprung into Action to Repatriate American POWs, The Viet Cong Were Shooting Down Americans From a Cave Until This GI Stopped Them, https://www.historynet.com/recounting-the-casualties-at-the-deadly-battle-of-khe-sanh/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot, When 21 Sikh Soldiers Fought the Odds Against 10,000 Pashtun Warriors, Few Red Tails Remain: Tuskegee Airman Dies at 96. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. A decision then had to be made by the American high command to commit more of the limited manpower in I Corps to the defense of Khe Sanh or to abandon the base. The PAVN, however, were not through with the ARVN troops. "[97], Ladd and the commander of the SOG compound (whose men and camp had been incorporated into the defenses of KSCB) proposed that, if the Marines would provide the helicopters, the SOG reconnaissance men would go in themselves to pick up any survivors. For seven weeks, American aircraft dropped from 35,000 to 40,000 tons of bombs in nearly 4,000 airstrikes. The 2nd Battalion, 1st Marine Regiment (2/1 Marines) and the 2/3 Marines would launch a ground assault from Ca Lu Combat Base (16km east of Khe Sanh) and head west on Route 9 while the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Brigades of the 1st Cavalry Division, would air-assault key terrain features along Route 9 to establish fire support bases and cover the Marine advance. The battalion was assaulted on the night of 23 January by three PAVN battalions supported by seven tanks. The PAVN claim that during the entire battle they "eliminated" 17,000 enemy troops, including 13,000 Americans and destroyed 480 aircraft. If that failed, and it did, they hoped to attack American reinforcements along Route 9 between Khe Sanh and Laos. During the course of the siege, the U.S. Air Force dropped five tons of bombs for each of the estimated 20,000 attacking NVA troops. The withdrawal of the last Marines under the cover of darkness was hampered by the shelling of a bridge along Route 9, which had to be repaired before the withdrawal could be completed. "[155], According to military historian Ronald Spector, to reasonably record the fighting at Khe Sanh as an American victory is impossible. The Marines at KSCB credited 40% of intelligence available to their fire-support coordination center to the sensors. MN: 05-12-1968: Vietnam: Army: 2: 239240. A 77 day battle, Khe Sanh had been the biggest single battle of the Vietnam War to that point. today! An airborne battlefield command and control center aboard a C-130 aircraft, directed incoming strike aircraft to forward air control (FAC) spotter planes, which, in turn directed them to targets either located by themselves or radioed in by ground units. Indeed, had enemy forces not been at Khe Sanh, they could have joined the NVA and VC who occupied Hue, a much more important strategic target. The PAVN forces were in the process of gaining elevated terrain before it launched the main attack. "[105] There had been a history of distrust between the Special Forces personnel and the Marines, and General Rathvon M. Tompkins, commander of the 3rd Marine Division, described the Special Forces soldiers as "hopped up wretches [who] were a law unto themselves. [59], During the rainy night of 2 January 1968, six men dressed in black uniforms were seen outside the defensive wire of the main base by members of a listening post. During the 1968 Tet Offensive, as many as 30,000 Communist Vietnamese forces surrounded roughly 6,000 U.S. marines defending a combat base on .. Week of February 21 That was superseded by the smaller contingency plans.
Air Power in the Siege of Khe Sanh - HistoryNet Scotland was a 26th Marine Regiment operation, so only the deaths of Marines assigned to the regiment, and attached supporting units, were counted. By early 1967, the Marine position was reinforced to regimental strength. When the weather later cleared in March, the amount was increased to 40 tons per day. [1], The evacuation of Khe Sanh began on 19 June 1968 as Operation Charlie. Westmoreland echoed this judgment in his memoirs, and, using exactly the same figures, concluded that the North Vietnamese had suffered a most damaging and one-sided defeat. [95], It still came as a shock to the Special Forces troopers at Lang Vei when 12 tanks attacked their camp. Of the 4953 Navy and Air Force casualties, both officer and enlisted, 4, 736 or 96% were white. [173][174], After the ARVN defeat in Laos, the newly-reopened KSCB came under attack by PAVN sappers and artillery and the base was abandoned once again on 6 April 1971.[175][176]. 6,000 men North Vietnamese Vo Nguyen Giap Tran Quy Hai Approx. Unlike the official figures, Stubbes database of Khe Sanh casualties includes verifiable names and dates of death. 20,000-30,000 men Battle of Khe Sanh Overview
Major Battles Of The Vietnam War - WorldAtlas Less likely to be mentioned is the final high-casualty engagement between units of the U.S. infantry and the North Vietnamese Army. [32], Westmoreland responded by launching Operation Neutralize, an aerial and naval bombardment campaign designed to break the siege. Mobile combat operations continued against the North Vietnamese. In response, US forces were built up before the PAVN isolated the Marine base. [112][113][114] In addition, over 100,000 tons of bombs were dropped until mid-April by aircraft of the USAF, US Navy and Marines onto the area surrounding Khe Sanh. [82], By the end of the battle, USAF assets had flown 9,691 tactical sorties and dropped 14,223tons of bombs on targets within the Khe Sanh area. [66] Hours after the bombardment ceased, the base was still in danger. American logistical, aerial, and artillery support was provided to the operation. Both sides have published official histories of the battle, and while these histories agree the fighting took place at Khe Sanh, they disagree on virtually every other aspect of it.
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