Constance Wilde was already refusing to meet Wilde or allow him to see their sons, though she sent him money – three pounds a week. [136] It was first performed on 14 February 1895, at St James's Theatre in London, Wilde's second collaboration with George Alexander, the actor-manager. About five months after Wilde arrived at Reading Gaol, Charles Thomas Wooldridge, a trooper in the Royal Horse Guards, was brought to Reading to await his trial for murdering his wife on 29 March 1896; on 17 June Wooldridge was sentenced to death and returned to Reading for his execution, which took place on Tuesday, 7 July 1896 – the first hanging at Reading in 18 years. One of us has got to go". Ave Imperatrix had been first published in. [47] The 1881 British Census listed Wilde as a boarder at 1 (now 44) Tite Street, Chelsea, where Frank Miles, a society painter, was the head of the household. Oscar Wilde's essay Impressions of America (complete and corrected). This he did in 1878, only briefly visiting Ireland twice after that. He did write one novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray. This meeting was disapproved of by the friends and families of both men. Profile of, writings adapted into films and films about Oscar Wilde, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Wilde_bibliography&oldid=976893702, Short description with empty Wikidata description, Pages using infobox author bibliography with unknown parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, "Pen, Pencil and Poison" First published in the, This page was last edited on 5 September 2020, at 18:04. [45] Unusually, no prize was awarded that year. She had distant Italian ancestry,[1] and under the pseudonym "Speranza" (the Italian word for 'hope'), she wrote poetry for the revolutionary Young Irelanders in 1848; she was a lifelong Irish nationalist. [82], During the late 1880s, Wilde was a close friend of the artist James McNeill Whistler and they dined together on many occasions. Inmates there also followed the regimen of "hard labour, hard fare and a hard bed", which wore harshly on Wilde's delicate health. [79], If Wilde's period at the helm of the magazine was a mixed success from an organizational point of view, it played a pivotal role in his development as a writer and facilitated his ascent to fame. Lord Alfred's father, the Marquess of Queensberry, was known for his outspoken atheism, brutish manner and creation of the modern rules of boxing. The Wildes' new home was larger. When the church was closed, the records were moved to the nearby St. Ann's Church, Dawson Street. [226][227] Thomas Wright's Oscar's Books (2008) explores Wilde's reading from his childhood in Dublin to his death in Paris. Douglas soon initiated Wilde into the Victorian underground of gay prostitution and Wilde was introduced to a series of young working-class male prostitutes from 1892 onwards by Alfred Taylor. Although Douglas had been the cause of his misfortunes, he and Wilde were reunited in August 1897 at Rouen. of Classical Moderations and Literae Humaniores (Greats). Carson, a leading barrister, diverged from the normal practice of asking closed questions. Wilde was not, at first, even allowed paper and pen but Haldane eventually succeeded in allowing access to books and writing materials. Wilde's life has been the subject of numerous biographies since his death. [72], Criticism over artistic matters in The Pall Mall Gazette provoked a letter in self-defence, and soon Wilde was a contributor to that and other journals during 1885–87. Carson repeatedly pointed out the unusual nature of these relationships and insinuated that the men were prostitutes. Pity's long-broken urn, It was bound in a rich, enamel parchment cover (embossed with gilt blossom) and printed on hand-made Dutch paper; over the next few years, Wilde presented many copies to the dignitaries and writers who received him during his lecture tours.[56]. The Picture of Dorian Gray and Three Stories, The Importance of Being Earnest and Other Plays, Oscar Wilde's (1888) Fairy Tale - The Selfish Giant, The Picture of Dorian Gray: An Annotated, Uncensored Edition, Oscar Wilde: Selected Poems (Phoenix Poetry), The Happy Prince and Other Tales; A House of Pomegranates, Easter Stories: Classic Tales for the Holy Season, The Importance of Being Earnest and Four Other Plays, The Best of Oscar Wilde: Selected Plays and Writings. Speak gently, she can hear The final trial was presided over by Mr Justice Wills. To deny one's own experiences is to put a lie into the lips of one's own life. It dictates and pervades great works of art, like those of Shakespeare and Michelangelo, and those two letters of mine, such as they are. "[177] Wilde blamed himself, though, for the ethical degradation of character that he allowed Douglas to bring about in him and took responsibility for his own fall, "I am here for having tried to put your father in prison. [187] It was an immediate roaring commercial success, going through seven editions in less than two years, only after which "[Oscar Wilde]" was added to the title page, though many in literary circles had known Wilde to be the author. Robbie Ross arrived on 29 November, sent for a priest, and Wilde was conditionally baptised into the Catholic Church by Fr Cuthbert Dunne, a Passionist priest from Dublin,[197][198] Wilde having been baptised in the Church of Ireland and having moreover a recollection of Catholic baptism as a child, a fact later attested to by the minister of the sacrament, Fr Lawrence Fox. was a sincere, though flamboyant, attempt to explain the dichotomies the poet saw in himself; one line reads: "To drift with every passion till my soul / Is a stringed lute on which all winds can play". As the man was in a semi-comatose condition, I did not venture to administer the Holy Viaticum; still I must add that he could be roused and was roused from this state in my presence. [78] Increasingly sending instructions to the magazine by letter, Wilde began a new period of creative work and his own column appeared less regularly. [230], Parisian literati, also produced several biographies and monographs on him. Only a great man can write it."" [34] Pater argued that man's sensibility to beauty should be refined above all else, and that each moment should be felt to its fullest extent. May I say nothing, my Lord?" Premieres at St James's seemed like "brilliant parties", and the opening of The Importance of Being Earnest was no exception. [3], Until he was nine, Oscar Wilde was educated at home, where a French nursemaid and a German governess taught him their languages. [57][note 2] Originally planned to last four months, it continued for almost a year due to the commercial success. [142][note 5] Wilde, encouraged by Douglas and against the advice of his friends, initiated a private prosecution against Queensberry for libel, since the note amounted to a public accusation that Wilde had committed the crime of sodomy. [199] Fr Dunne recorded the baptism, As the voiture rolled through the dark streets that wintry night, the sad story of Oscar Wilde was in part repeated to me... Robert Ross knelt by the bedside, assisting me as best he could while I administered conditional baptism, and afterwards answering the responses while I gave Extreme Unction to the prostrate man and recited the prayers for the dying. Wilde replied that he did not believe in social barriers, and simply enjoyed the society of young men. [33], Wilde did not meet Walter Pater until his third year, but had been enthralled by his Studies in the History of the Renaissance, published during Wilde's final year in Trinity. Its subject, "Historical Criticism among the Ancients" seemed ready-made for Wilde – with both his skill in composition and ancient learning – but he struggled to find his voice with the long, flat, scholarly style. [160] Wilde was then imprisoned on remand at Holloway, where he received daily visits from Douglas. How many books in total did Geoffrey Chaucer write? [163] The judge described the sentence, the maximum allowed, as "totally inadequate for a case such as this", and that the case was "the worst case I have ever tried". Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. As a student Wilde worked with Mahaffy on the latter's book Social Life in Greece. Wilde: "The love that dare not speak its name" in this century is such a great affection of an elder for a younger man as there was between David and Jonathan, such as Plato made the very basis of his philosophy, and such as you find in the sonnets of Michelangelo and Shakespeare. [228] After tracking down many books that once belonged to Wilde's Tite Street library (dispersed at the time of his trials), Wright was the first to examine Wilde's marginalia. Wilde reputedly told a customs officer that "I have nothing to declare except my genius", although the first recording of this remark was many years later, and Wilde's best lines were often quoted immediately in the press. Lord Alfred Douglas wrote two books about his relationship with Wilde. He once remarked to friends, whom he entertained lavishly, "I find it harder and harder every day to live up to my blue china. [92] Ransome concludes that Wilde succeeds precisely because the literary criticism is unveiled with such a deft touch. Sir William acknowledged paternity of his illegitimate or "natural" children and provided for their education, arranging for them to be reared by his relatives rather than with his legitimate children in his family household with his wife. [12] He excelled academically, particularly in the subject of Classics, in which he ranked fourth in the school in 1869. The essay was later published in "Miscellanies", the final section of the 1908 edition of Wilde's collected works. On the surface a witty comedy, there is subtle subversion underneath: "it concludes with collusive concealment rather than collective disclosure". Oscar Wilde and Myself (1914), largely ghost-written by T. W. H. Crosland, vindictively reacted to Douglas's discovery that De Profundis was addressed to him and defensively tried to distance him from Wilde's scandalous reputation. [15] There the young Wilde and his brother Willie played with George Moore. The book incorporates rediscovered letters and other documents and is the most extensively researched biography of Wilde to appear since 1988. [216] Frank Harris, his friend and editor, wrote a biography, Oscar Wilde: His Life and Confessions (1916); though prone to exaggeration and sometimes factually inaccurate, it offers a good literary portrait of Wilde. He had already begged Douglas to leave London for Paris, but Douglas complained bitterly, even wanting to give evidence; he was pressed to go and soon fled to the Hotel du Monde. These infrequent rendezvous usually took the same form: Wilde would meet the boy, offer him gifts, dine him privately and then take him to a hotel room. [76], The initial vigour and excitement which he brought to the job began to fade as administration, commuting and office life became tedious. - Oscar Wilde Biography and List of Works - Oscar Wilde Books [2] Jane Wilde read the Young Irelanders' poetry to Oscar and Willie, inculcating a love of these poets in her sons. Carson pressed Wilde on each topic from every angle, squeezing out nuances of meaning from Wilde's answers, removing them from their aesthetic context and portraying Wilde as evasive and decadent. [30] Some elements disdained the aesthetes, but their languishing attitudes and showy costumes became a recognised pose. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Wilde&oldid=981756436, 19th-century Irish dramatists and playwrights, Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism, People prosecuted under anti-homosexuality laws, People who have received posthumous pardons, Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, National Portrait Gallery (London) person ID same as Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Epigram, drama, short story, criticism, journalism, This page was last edited on 4 October 2020, at 07:58. [83] Herbert Vivian—a mutual friend of Wilde and Whistler— attended the dinner and recorded it in his article The Reminiscences of a Short Life which appeared in The Sun in 1889. And if I catch you and my son again in any public restaurant I will thrash you" to which Wilde responded: "I don't know what the Queensberry rules are, but the Oscar Wilde rule is to shoot on sight". [23], At Magdalen, he read Greats from 1874 to 1878, and from there he applied to join the Oxford Union, but failed to be elected. Douglas lost his case. [13] He was one of only three students at Portora to win a Royal School scholarship to Trinity in 1871. [149] Wilde's lawyer, Sir Edward George Clarke, opened the case by pre-emptively asking Wilde about two suggestive letters Wilde had written to Douglas, which the defence had in its possession. And outcasts always mourn. [155] Under the Libel Act 1843, Queensberry's acquittal rendered Wilde legally liable for the considerable expenses Queensberry had incurred in his defence, which left Wilde bankrupt. [114] One evening, after discussing depictions of Salome throughout history, he returned to his hotel and noticed a blank copybook lying on the desk, and it occurred to him to write in it what he had been saying. While there he met Robert Sherard, whom he entertained constantly. [27], Catholicism deeply appealed to him, especially its rich liturgy, and he discussed converting to it with clergy several times. Neil McKenna's 2003 biography, The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde, offers an exploration of Wilde's sexuality. During the latter part of 1897, Wilde and Douglas lived together near Naples for a few months until they were separated by their families under the threat of cutting off all funds. Wilde envisioned a society where mechanisation has freed human effort from the burden of necessity, effort which can instead be expended on artistic creation. [143] Queensberry's lawyers thus hired private detectives to find evidence of Wilde's homosexual liaisons. André Gide wrote In Memoriam, Oscar Wilde and Wilde also features in his journals. He seemed unrestrained by the Victorian prohibition against homosexuality, and became estranged from his family. Wilde, lapsing into inaction, could only say, "The train has gone. At university, Wilde read Greats; he demonstrated himself to be an exceptional classicist, first at Trinity College Dublin, then at Oxford. [145] Wilde and Douglas walked out in a huff, Wilde saying "it is at such moments as these that one sees who are one's true friends". On the advice of his lawyers, Wilde dropped the prosecution. [170][171] He spent two months in the infirmary.[35][170]. The first more or less objective biography of Wilde came about when Hesketh Pearson wrote Oscar Wilde: His Life and Wit (1946). Wilde admitted being on a first-name basis and lavishing gifts upon them, but insisted that nothing untoward had occurred and that the men were merely good friends of his. "[30] The line quickly became famous, accepted as a slogan by aesthetes but used against them by critics who sensed in it a terrible vacuousness. Only a great man can write it."" Here are some of Wilde's most famous works: The Picture of Dorian Gray The Picture of Dorian Gray is Wilde’s only novel, and was first published in a magazine in 1890. It is that deep spiritual affection that is as pure as it is perfect. In addition to his children with his wife, Sir William Wilde was the father of three children born out of wedlock before his marriage: Henry Wilson, born in 1838 to one woman, and Emily and Mary Wilde, born in 1847 and 1849, respectively, to a second woman. "[38][39], After graduation from Oxford, Wilde returned to Dublin, where he met again Florence Balcombe, a childhood sweetheart. Richard D'Oyly Carte, an English impresario, invited Wilde to make a lecture tour of North America, simultaneously priming the pump for the US tour of Patience and selling this most charming aesthete to the American public. While Wilde won the most laughs from the court, Carson scored the most legal points. In 2000, Leon Johnson, a multimedia artist, installed a silver prosthesis to replace them. As a spokesman for aestheticism, he tried his hand at various literary activities: he published a book of poems, lectured in the United States and Canada on the new "English Renaissance in Art" and interior decoration, and then returned to London where he worked prolifically as a journalist. The ever-quotable Oscar Wilde once said, ""Anybody can make history. [84] The Reminiscences also caused great acrimony between Wilde and Vivian, Wilde accusing Vivian of "the inaccuracy of an eavesdropper with the method of a blackmailer"[85] and banishing Vivian from his circle. T. W. Higginson, a cleric and abolitionist, wrote in "Unmanly Manhood" of his general concern that Wilde, "whose only distinction is that he has written a thin volume of very mediocre verse", would improperly influence the behaviour of men and women. [70], Robert Ross had read Wilde's poems before they met at Oxford in 1886. Wilde's parents were Anglo-Irish intellectuals in Dublin. When Wilde eagerly attended Ruskin's lecture series The Aesthetic and Mathematic Schools of Art in Florence, he learned about aesthetics as the non-mathematical elements of painting. An intimate friendship sprang up between Wilde and Douglas and by 1893 Wilde was infatuated with Douglas and they consorted together regularly in a tempestuous affair. There lies its immense value. That it should be so, the world does not understand. He became more serious in 1878, when he met the Reverend Sebastian Bowden, a priest in the Brompton Oratory who had received some high-profile converts. ), "Register of the Oscar Wilde and his Literary Circle Collection of Papers, 1819-1953", Phrases and Philosophies for the Use of the Young, A Few Maxims For The Instruction Of The Over-Educated, Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories, http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf338nb1zb, http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/clarklib/Clark%20Pages/, Works by or about Oscar Wilde bibliography. [90] Arthur Ransome wrote that Wilde "read something of himself into Shakespeare's sonnets" and became fascinated with the "Willie Hughes theory" despite the lack of biographical evidence for the historical William Hughes' existence. [53][54] Biographer Richard Ellmann argues that Wilde's poem "Hélas!" The story thus is an early masterpiece of Wilde's combining many elements that interested him: conversation, literature and the idea that to shed oneself of an idea one must first convince another of its truth. [185] No attempt is made to assess the justice of the laws which convicted them but rather the poem highlights the brutalisation of the punishment that all convicts share. [16], "Tread lightly, she is nearUnder the snow [61], According to biographer Michèle Mendelssohn, Wilde was the subject of anti-Irish caricature and was portrayed as a monkey, a blackface performer and a Christy's Minstrel throughout his career. "[111], The 1891 census records the Wildes' residence at 16 Tite Street,[112] where he lived with his wife Constance and two sons. He was received at the salons littéraires, including the famous mardis of Stéphane Mallarmé, a renowned symbolist poet of the time. [200][note 7], Wilde died of meningitis on 30 November 1900. Douglas and some Oxford friends founded a journal, The Chameleon, to which Wilde "sent a page of paradoxes originally destined for the Saturday Review". He had continued his interest in the theatre and now, after finding his voice in prose, his thoughts turned again to the dramatic form as the biblical iconography of Salome filled his mind. Ruskin admired beauty, but believed it must be allied with, and applied to, moral good. He first entered Newgate Prison in London for processing, then was moved to Pentonville Prison, where the "hard labour" to which he had been sentenced consisted of many hours of walking a treadmill and picking oakum (separating the fibres in scraps of old navy ropes),[167] and where prisoners were allowed to read only the Bible and The Pilgrim's Progress. "[96] In his only political text, The Soul of Man Under Socialism, he argued political conditions should establish this primacy – private property should be abolished, and cooperation should be substituted for competition. Wilde's poem "Requiescat" is written to her memory. Shaw included an account of the argument between Harris, Douglas and Wilde in the preface to his play The Dark Lady of the Sonnets. At the height of his fame and success, while The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) was still being performed in London, Wilde prosecuted the Marquess of Queensberry for criminal libel. He presented a paper titled "Aesthetic Morality". [169] In November he collapsed during chapel from illness and hunger. She became engaged to Bram Stoker and they married in 1878. 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